Fownhope’s Heart of Oak Society traces its roots to the age of friendly societies, when communities provided their own safety net. Its anniversary celebrations reveal a tradition still very much alive, says MARK SEDDON
EVERY state that ever existed in world history has sought to justify its actions abroad by claiming that it is has the moral right and justice on its side.
Only fundamentalist regimes or non-state actors such as Isis today still insist that “God is on their side,” but as recently as the first world war of 1914-18, both contending sets of imperial powers insisted that they had divine approval.
Today modern states such as Britain seek to justify their foreign policy on the basis of defending the national interest, upholding human rights and supporting their allies.
VIJAY PRASHAD details how US support for Syrian President Ahmad al-Sharaa allowed him to break the resistance of the autonomous Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)
BRENT CUTLER is intrigued by the imperialist, supremacist and contradictory history of a word that is used all too easily
As US hegemony crumbles and Trump becomes ever more unpredictable, European powers cling to the pact’s militarist agenda in a bid to disguise their own increasing irrelevance, writes CHRIS NINEHAM


